Macbeth by William Shakespeare: A Transformation Essay

Macbeth, a dark and dramatized play, is very well-known. It was written by William Shakespeare between 1603 and 1607. Macbeth was a much respected person but his wife, Lady Macbeth, started to persuade him into things and he became an evil man. Macbeth was not mentally strong to handle all the pulling my Lady Macbeth. In the beginning of the play Macbeth is a respected general and a loyal subject of the king. A group of three withes tells him that he can be crowned king if something happened to King Duncan. But Macbeth makes the state: â€Å"If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me.† (1.3.56-57) That statement makes it clear that Macbeth does not have any thought in doing anything evil to be able to achieve being king. He does say â€Å"I dare do all that may become a man; Who dares do more is none.† (1.7.34-36.) this lets others know that Macbeth that he will do what it takes to become a man. When Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth what is going on she suffers none of his uncertainties. She tells him that he needs to murder Duncan so he can obtain the kingdom. He was unsure of himself but with the pushing of his wife, he got persuaded to kill the king. King Duncan was planning on coming to the Macbeths castle to dine, so Lady Macbeth and Macbeth put together a plan. Their plan was to get the two chamberlains drunk so they would black out and the next morning they could blame the murder on them as they will remember nothing. When Macbeth going to kill Macbeth he says this famous quote before grabbing the dagger, â€Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee; I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? I see thee yet, in form as palpable As this which now I draw.† (2.1.45-51) This quote shows that he is committed to kill Duncan and that he is seeing things and cannot tell reality from fantasy. Macbeth starts to worry about what he has down and barely sleep the night. Macbeth lets Lady Macbeth know when he says, â€Å"Glamis hath murdered sleep, and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more. Macbeth shall sleep no more. (2.2.38-40) Fearing the witches’ prophecy that Banquo’s heirs will get the throne, Macbeth gets a group together to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. Come, seeling night, Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day; And with thy bloody and invisible hand Cancel and tear to pieces that great bond Which keeps me pale! Light thickens; and the crow Makes wing to the rooky wood: Good things of day begin to droop and drowse; While night’s black agents to their preys do rouse (3.2.32-39) This quote is Macbeth’s wish for the coming up night. They ambush Banquo and fail to kill Fleance. Macbeth starts getting paranoid and at the feast that night he sees Banquo’s ghost. Macbeth starts talking to the ghost, Then comes my fit again: I had else been perfect, Whole as the marble, founded as the rock, As broad and general as the casing air: But now I am cabin’d, cribb’d, confined, bound in To saucy doubts and fears.—But Banquo’s safe (3.4.22-27) Macbeth just found out that Fleance had not been killed. After this Macbeth was mentally done. He started going downhill. When got news that Lady Macbeth had killed herself it made him sink into a deep depart. Macbeth starts to fight until Macduff kills and beheads him. Malcolm, is now the King of Scotland. Macbeth has changed a lot over the course of this play. He was once a very loving and respected man but as you can see when you are not in the correct state of mind you can be talked into anything. Lady Macbeth did nothing but push him to his breaking point and when she killed herself if did nothing but hurt her husband. This all started because lady Macbeth wanted all the power over Scotland.

Default Judgment Motion

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO EASTERN DIVISION IN RE::CASE NO. 04-60600 : ROY JESSE LISATH,:CHAPTER 7 STEPHANIE MYLO LISATH,: :JUDGE HOFFMAN Debtors. : : SSN: (LAST FOUR DIGITS ONLY) 0486: SSN: (LAST FOUR DIGITS ONLY) 9643: —————————————————————————————————— RODELL RAHMAAN,:Adv. Pro. No. 05-02049 Plaintiff,: vs. : ROY J. LISATH, aka ROY JESSE LISATH,: Defendant. : PLAINTIFF’S RENEWED MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT Now comes the Plaintiff, Rodell Rahmaan (hereinafter â€Å"Rahmaan†), by and through his undersigned attorney, and respectfully MOVES this Honorable Court for the entry of JUDGMENT BY DEFAULT against the Defendant, Roy J. Lisath, aka Roy Jesse Lisath (hereinafter â€Å"Lisath†), for the relief demanded in the Complaint, specifically that any judgment later obtained by Rahmaan upon those claims which are the subject matter of that certain civil action entitled Rodell Rahmaan v. City of Columbus, et al. designated case number C2-02-989, pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, Eastern Division, be DECLARED to be excepted from discharge upon the grounds set forth in 11 U. S. C.  §523(a)(6), namely for willful and malicious injury. This Motion renews a Motion for Default Judgment previously served and filed on March 15, 2005, denied without prejudice by this Court’s Order entered March 24, 2005. Your Movant grounds this Motion upon the Memorandum more specifically set forth hereinafter. Respectfully submitted, /s/ Daniel K. Friend Daniel K. Friend(0019648) 118 East Main Street Columbus, Ohio 43215 Telephone: (614) 221-3355 Facsimile: (614)-221-3391 Email: [email  protected] net Attorney for Plaintiff MEMORANDUM I. Introduction Rule 7055 B. R. incorporates Rule 55 F. R. Civ. P. , which in turn in pertinent part provides: â€Å"(a) Entry. When a party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend as provided by these rules and that fact is made to appear by affidavit or otherwise, the clerk shall enter the party’s default. â€Å"(b) Judgment. Judgment by default may be entered as follows:† â€Å"(1) By the Clerk. When the plaintiff’s claim against a defendant is for a sum certain or for a sum which can by computation be made certain, the clerk upon request of the plaintiff and upon affidavit of the amount due shall enter judgment for that amount and costs against the defendant, if the defendant has been defaulted for failure to ap pear and is not an infant or incompetent person. † â€Å"(2) By the Court. In all other cases the party entitled to a judgment by default shall apply to the court therefor; but no judgment by default shall be entered against an infant or incompetent person unless represented in the action by a general guardian, committee, conservator, or other such representative who has appeared therein. If the party against whom judgment by default is sought has appeared in the action, the party (or, if appearing by representative, the party’s representative) shall be served with written notice of the application for judgment at least 3 days prior to the hearing on such application. If, in order to enable the court to enter judgment or to carry it into effect, it is necessary to take an account or to determine the amount of damages or to establish the truth of any averment by evidence or to make an investigation of any other matter, the court may conduct such hearings or order such references as it deems necessary and proper and shall accord a right of trial by jury to the parties when and as required by any statute of the United States. † Rahmaan’s Adversary Complaint was filed with the Clerk on February 1, 2005. Service of Summons and a copy of the Complaint upon Lisath and upon his attorney Eden Renee Sarver, Esq. , was made to each on February 3, 2005, and proof of service thereon was filed upon the same date. More than twenty days have elapsed since completion of said service of process. No answer or other defense, nor any motion requesting an extension of time to respond to Rahmaan’s Complaint, has yet been filed or served upon the undersigned. Lisath is in default. See Rules 7004 and 7012 B. R. Rahmaan’s earlier Motion for Default Judgment was denied without prejudice, and the within Motion, supported by a Memorandum with attachments, provides an adequate basis for granting the relief sought. II. Summary of the Facts On July 2, 2004, Lisath filed a joint petition, together with his spouse, in this Court, commencing a proceeding under Chapter 13, Title 11 U. S. C. , designated case number 04-60600 (hereinafter â€Å"the main case†). The main case was converted to a proceeding under Chapter 7 on November 2, 2004. At the time of the commencement of the main case Lisath was a defendant in a civil action pending in the United States District Court for this district entitled Rahmaan v. City of Columbus, designated case number 02-CV-989, together with other defendants (hereinafter â€Å"the district court action†). The district court action arose originally from a re-filed civil action brought in the Franklin County, Ohio, Court of Common Pleas. The initial complaint commencing the initial civil action was filed on April 30, 1998. That civil action was subsequently voluntarily dismissed on September 13, 2001, but with the right reserved to re-file within the applicable one-year period of time (see Rule 41(A) Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure and  §2305. 19 O. R. C. ). A new civil action was commenced by re-filing a Complaint upon the same claims and brought in the same court on September 9, 2002. This re-filed action was subsequently removed to District Court on October 4, 2002 (see copy of Notice of Removal with annexed copy of Summons and Complaint attached hereto as Exhibit â€Å"A†). The district court action has not yet gone to trial, and Rahmaan was a scheduled creditor in the main case, although reflected upon Lisath’s and his wife’s Schedule F with no description as to his claim, except â€Å"notice only. † Rahmaan holds an unliquidated claim for the excessive use of force by Lisath and two other co-defendants in the district court action. All other claims Rahmaan has had heretofore against Lisath have been dismissed by Summary Judgment granted in the district court action (see copy of Opinion and Order in the district court action attached hereto as Exhibit â€Å"B†). The operative facts underlying Lisath’s claim are summarized by the Court in the district court action’s Opinion and Order, as follows: â€Å"Plaintiff Rodell Rahmaan brings various claims against the city of Columbus, Ohio, and several of its police officers, arising out of incidents which occurred at his home on April 27, 1997, and April 30, 1997. Plaintiff has been engaged in a dispute with his neighbor, James Casey, for a period of time prior to the events in question. Casey had called the police complaining of loud music coming from Plaintiff’s residence on several occasions. Plaintiff perceived this as harassment. On Sunday morning, April 27, 1997, Officer Olander Parks was dispatched on a disturbance call to Casey’s residence. Upon arrival, he observed Casey standing on his porch engaged in a shouting match with plaintiff, who was in the second story window of his home across the street. Casey reported that plaintiff was threatening him. Plaintiff admits that he did initiate a loud conversation with Casey from his bedroom window, that both of them were using profanity and that his words to Casey may have been perceived as a veiled threat. Plaintiff’s deposition, pp. 7-79, Exh. B to Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment. According to Officer Parks, plaintiff refused to end the disturbance, whereupon Officer Parks advised plaintiff that he was placing him under arrest and asked him to come out of his home to be taken into custody. While Officer Parks was speaking with Casey, he observed a young woman walk a large Rottweiler dog from behind plaintiff’s residence and enter the front door. While Parks was speaking to plaintiff at his front door asking him to come outside, the woman was standing behind him with the dog, and she stated, â€Å"You’re not arresting my daddy. Plaintiff refused to come outside, whereupon Parks called for assistance. Sgt. Jerome Barton and several other officers responded to Parks’ call. Sgt. Barton advised plaintiff that he was being charged with disorderly conduct and that he had an outstanding traffic warrant. Barton requested that plaintiff come outside, but plaintiff continued to refuse. Sgt. Barton saw the dog while he was speaking to the plaintiff. Sgt. Barton did not take the plaintiff into custody. Instead, he instructed him to take care of both warrants at the courthouse. Plaintiff agreed to do so. Sgt. Barton instructed his officers to depart, believing that peace had been restored. Plaintiff has a somewhat different version of his conversation with Sgt. Barton. According to plaintiff, it was his understanding that the sergeant and his officers agreed to leave in return for plaintiff’s agreement to take care of his outstanding traffic warrant, and he was unaware that he was being charged with disorderly conduct. After departing the premises, Officer Parks proceeded to the Municipal Court of Franklin County, Ohio, where he filed a complaint charging plaintiff with disorderly conduct, and a warrant was issued for his arrest. The disorderly conduct charge was assigned case number 10608-97. Officer Parks also filed a â€Å"temporary situation information report† for plaintiff’s residence address with the police dispatcher, which stated: Large Rottweiler at this location and the resident will have dog attack officers. Also, wanted person there by name of Rodell Rahmaan. M. B. , 44 YOA for disorderly. On April 30, 1997, plaintiff drove his wife to the Franklin County Municipal Court and instructed her to go inside and take care of his outstanding traffic charge. She did so, and upon returning to his car, she advised him that the clerk’s office had informed her that there was an outstanding warrant against him for disorderly conduct and that he should report voluntarily in order to avoid arrest. Allegedly believing that a mistake had been made, plaintiff decided instead to go home and watch a basketball game on television. Later that afternoon, Officers Jackson Rennie and Kyle McKeon were dispatched to plaintiff’s residence on a loud music complaint. These officers were also told by the dispatcher that the resident had warrants for his arrest, and they were advised of the content of Officer Parks’ temporary situation information report concerning the dog. Officers Roy Lisath and Joseph Murray heard the dispatch and decided that they also would respond. Officers Lisath and Rennie went to the front door of plantiff’s residence and knocked. Plaintiff answered the door and the officers advised him that they had been dispatched on a noise complaint and that they had a warrant for his arrest. They asked him to come outside and be arrested. The officers claim that plaintiff refused to be arrested, resisted arrest, and ordered his dog to attack them. Officer Lisath drew his side arm and fired at the dog. Officer Rennie fired one shot from a shotgun, killing the dog. According to the officers, plaintiff continued to resist arrest and was maced. He was taken into custody and charged with resisting arrest. Plaintiff denies that he resisted arrest, denies that he ordered his dog to attack the officers and denies that his dog did attack the officers. Plaintiff claims that he was transported from the scene of his arrest to a police substation, where he was allegedly subjected to protracted physical intimidation by the defendants and other officers while he was handcuffed to a bench. Plaintiff was charged with resisting arrest in the Franklin County Municipal Court in case number 10938-97. The complaint, signed by Officer Lisath, states: On or about the 30th day of April, 1997, [Rodell Rahmaan] did by force resist the lawful arrest of himself, to wit: Rodell K. Rahmaan in the following manner, to wit: pushed officers back with an open hand, pulled arms back, attempted to close a door on officers, called for his dog which did attack officers. On January 26, 1998, plaintiff, represented by counsel, appeared for trial on the disorderly conduct charge, case number 10608-97, and the resisting arrest charge, case number 10938-97. At that time, plaintiff entered into a plea agreement, wherein the prosecutor agreed to amend the affidavit in case number 10938-97, reducing the charge from resisting arrest to disorderly conduct. Plaintiff agreed to plead guilty to the amended affidavit, and the prosecution agreed, as part of the bargain, to dismiss the original disorderly conduct charge, case number 10608-97. Plaintiff entered a no contest plea to the amended affidavit in case number 10938-97, was found guilty and sentenced to a fine of $100 and costs, suspended for time served. A dismissal entry was filed in case number 10608-97, with the following notation: These charges are dismissed at the request of P. A. for plea in 97/10938. The dismissal entry was signed by the sentencing judge. On April 30, 1998, plaintiff commenced an action against the city of Columbus and Officer Parks, Lisath, Rennie, Barton, Murray and McKeon, in the Common Pleas Court of Franklin County, Ohio, asserting claims of false arrest; false imprisonment; assault; malicious prosecution; deprivation of unspecified constitutional and statutory rights; deprivation of rights secured by the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution of the United States, wrongful destruction of property, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and damage to reputation. On July 26, 2000, the common pleas court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment, finding that only plaintiff’s fourth amendment excessive force claim remained for trial. Defendants claim that plaintiff had previously voluntarily dismissed all of his state law claims with the exception of his claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Thereafter, plaintiff voluntarily dismissed his complaint on September 13, 2001, and filed the present action in the Common Pleas Court of Franklin County, Ohio, on September 9, 2002. The action was removed to this court on October 4, 2002. † (the district court action Opinion and Order pages 1 through 5) The district court action Opinion and Order further went on to analyze the Motion for Summary Judgment of Defendants, and concluded as follows: â€Å"Conclusion In accordance with the foregoing, defendants’ motion for summary judgment is granted in part and denied in part. The individual defendants are granted summary judgment on plaintiffs’ First through Tenth Cause of Action. The city is granted summary judgment on the Twelfth Cause of Action. Defendants Rennie, Parks and Barton are granted summary judgment on plaintiff’s Eleventh Cause of Action. Defendants Lisath, Murray and McKeon are granted summary judgment on plaintiff’s Eleventh Cause of Action insofar as it alleges the excessive use of force by these defendants at the police substation after plaintiff’s arrest. The motion for summary judgment of defendants Lisath, Murray and McKeon on plaintiff’s Eleventh Cause of Action insofar as plaintiff alleges the excessive use of force at the scene of the arrest is denied. It is so ORDERED. † (emphasis supplied-the district court action Opinion and Order page 19) Rahmaan, therefore, has one remaining claim left for trial in the district court action. His eleventh cause of action is set forth in his amended complaint (copy attached hereto as Exhibit â€Å"C†), and includes within his claims for deprivation of civil rights under 42 U. S. C.  §Ã‚ §1983 and 1985 the excessive use of force claim. Lisath and his spouse were issued a discharge of all dischargeable debts under 11 U. S. C. 727 on October 4, 2005, in the main case (see copy attached hereto as Exhibit â€Å"D†). III. Issue Presented for Decision (A)Does Rahmann’s remaining claim in the district court action for excessive use of force, if Rahmaan prevails at trial, constitute a claim or debt which is excepted from discharge under 11 U. S. C.  §523(a)(6)? (B)Has Rahmaan satisfied his burden of articulating all applicable grounds necessary for this Court to grant defau lt judgment under Rule 7055 Bankruptcy Rules? IV. Argument 11 U. S. C.  §523(a)(6) provides as follows: â€Å" §523. Exceptions to discharge. a)A discharge under section 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt- †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (6) for willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of another entity;†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lisath’s discharge is ineffective as against Rahmaan’s remaining claim for excessive use of force in the district court action for the reasons more fully set forth hereinafter. First, the above cited paragraph excepts debts for willful and malicious injury by the Debtor to another person or to the property of another person. Under this paragraph â€Å"willful† means deliberate or intentional. In Kawaauhau v. Geiger, 522 U. S. 57, 118 S. Ct. 974, 140 L. Ed. (1998), the Supreme Court articulated the elements necessary to satisfy the Section 523(a)(6) exception to dischargeability. An act (or omission) must be taken with the actual intent to cause injury. As the Court noted in its Opinion the word â€Å"willful† in the above-quoted subsection modifies the word â€Å"injury,† meaning that non-dischargeability takes a deliberate or intentional injury rather than merely a deliberate or intentional act which leads to injury. In In re: Markowitz, 190 F. 3d 455 (6th Cir. , 1999), the Court had occasion to apply the Geiger standard, and specifically held that the earlier standard set forth in Perkins v. Scharffe, 817 F. 2d 392 (6 Cir. , 1987), was overruled. The Perkins case had held that willful and malicious injury will occur when one intends the act, regardless of whether he intends the consequences. This test for the non-dischargeability exception for willful and malicious injury under 11 U. S. C.  §523(a)(6) similar to the defense of qualified immunity that was raised in the district court action. Generally, qualified immunity protects a police officer from being sued for his discretionary actions as long as the officer neither â€Å"knew[n] or reasonably should have known that the action he took within his sphere of official responsibility would violate the constitutional rights. . . .affected, or. . . . took action with the malicious intention to cause a deprivation of a constitutional right. . . . . † Robinson v. Bibb 840 F. 2d 349, 350 (6th Cir. , 1988) quoting Wood v. Strickland, 420 U. S. 308. , 322 95 S. Ct. 992, 1001, 43 L. Ed. 2d (1975). As the district court found, Rahmaan’s claims for excessive force were â€Å"that the defendants continued to apply excessive force even after he [Rahmaan] was completely subdued. † (the district court action Opinion and Order page 16). The district court action Opinion and Order went on to summarize that defendants were â€Å"not entitled to qualified immunity on plaintiff’s claims of excessive force at the scene of the arrest under Section 1983 because it is well settled that the use of excessive force is a violation of the Fourth Amendment† (the district court action Opinion and Order page 16). Accordingly, by its very nature, the excessive force claim of Rahmaan means that if Rahmaan prevails at trial he will have had to prove by a preponderance that Lisath took action knowing that his action would violate Rahmaan’s constitutionally protected Forth Amendment rights or with the malicious intention to cause a deprivation of a constitutional right, Rahmaan’s contention that Lisath continued to apply force after Rahmaan was completely subdued compels the conclusion that such conduct was deliberate, intentional and malicious, if proven. Certainly, it could neither have been merely negligent or reckless. Similarly, in Walton v. City of Southfield, 995 F. 2d 1331 (6th Cir. , 1993), the court, inter alia, held that the denial of qualified immunity to one of the police officer defendants was to be affirmed. As the court noted: â€Å"There are still genuine issues of material fact concerning whether Officer Birberick used excessive force in handcuffing Walton. An excessive use of force claim could be premised on Officer Birberick’s handcuffing Walton if he knew that she had an injured arm and if he believed that she posed no threat to him. † (Walton 1331, ________) In Adams v. Metiva, 31 F. 3d 375 (6th Cir. , 1994), the court had occasion to analyze a similar excessive use of force claim. The court noted that excessive force claims should be considered under the Fourth Amendment standard which is one of objective reasonableness under the circumstances (citing Graham v. Connor, 490 U. S. 386 [1989]). While the objective standard is applied without regard to the officer’s underlying intent or motivation, under the facts as summarized in the district court action Opinion and Order, it is hard to imagine that Lisath and his fellow defendants could have used excessive force once Rahmaan was subdued in any manner other than intentionally, willfully and maliciously, assuming that Rahmaan is successful in meeting his evidentiary burden at trial. A review of other authorities does not compel a different conclusion. In Steier v. Best (In re: Best), 109 Fed. Appx. 1. 2004 W. L. 1544066 (6th Cir. , 2004-unreported, see copy attached as Exhibit â€Å"E†), the Court summarized the kinds of debts or claims which by their very nature satisfy the willful and malicious injury standard of the 11 U. S. C.  §523(a)(6) exception: â€Å"intentional infliction of emotional distress, malicious prosecution, conversion, assault, false arrest, intentional liable, and deliberately vandalizing the creditor’s premises. † , Id. at. 4. The Court went on to discuss other kinds of claims that also meet this standard, noting that the creditor must prove that loss was caused by willful and malicious conduct of the debtor, that the debtor’s actions must be determined to be the cause of the creditor’s injury and that the injury must invade the creditor’s legal rights. Id. at 4-5. These tests do not differ from what Rahmaan must prove to meet his evidentiary burden in the district court action to prevail upon his excessive use of force claim. By their very nature, if Rahmaan prevails, he will have met every element described in the willful and malicious injury test. In Kennedy v. Mustaine, 249 F. 3d 576 (6th Cir. , 2001), the Court affirmed the bankruptcy court and the district court which had found a defamation claim to be non-dischargeable under 11 U. S. C.  §523(a)(6) and applied principals of issue preclusion to prevent re-litigation of whether the statements made by the debtor were defamatory, since under Michigan law they were deemed defamation per se, and therefore conclusively presumed to be harmful. It is respectfully submitted, therefore, that Rahmaan has articulated sufficient facts and provided an adequate basis by submitting the attached exhibits to show that if he prevails in the district court action on his excessive use of force claim, he will have articulated every element necessary to satisfy the 11 U. S. C.  §523(a)(6) exception by a preponderance of the evidence. See Grogan v. Garner, 498 U. S. 279, 111 S. Ct. 654, 112 L. Ed. 2d 755 (1991). Accordingly, the foregoing Motion does not suffer from the defects similar to those discussed in Cripps v. Life Insurance Co. of North Am. , 980 F. 2d 56 (2nd Cir. , 1990), cert. denied, 499 U. S. 929 (1991) or Kring v. Citibank (In Re: Kring), 208 B. R. 73 (B’cy. S. D. Cal. , 1997). Annexed hereto as Exhibit â€Å"F† and made a part hereof is the Affidavit of John A. Yaklevich, establishing that Lisath is not an incompetent person or an infant, and also not in the military service, all as required by B. R. 7055 and by the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act of 2003, amending and restating, the Solders’ and Sailors’ Civil Relief Act of 1940 (50 U. S. C. App. 501, et seq. ). The Motion should be granted and judgment entered accordingly. Respectfully submitted, /s/ Daniel K. Friend Daniel K. Friend(0019648) Attorney for Plaintiff CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that true and accurate copies of the foregoing Renewed Motion for Default Judgment were mailed by ordinary U. S. Mail, postage prepaid, to the following parties in interest at the addresses shown immediately following on _________________: William B. Logan, Jr. , Esq. 50 West Broad Street, Suite 1200 Columbus, Ohio 43215 U. S. Trustee 170 North High Street, #200 Columbus, Ohio 43215 Frank M. Pees, Chapter 13 Trustee 130 East Wilson Bridge Rd. , #200 Worthington, Ohio 43085 Roy J. Lisath, aka Roy Jesse Lisath 2065 Penhook Avenue Lewis Center, Ohio 43035 James E. Nobile, Esq. Nobile, Needleman & Thompson, LLC 4511 Cemetery Road, Suite B Hilliard, Ohio 43026 /s/ Daniel K. Friend Daniel K. Friend(0019648) Attorney for Plaintiff

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Case Studies and Readings in Sports - Coursework Example When Under Armour started to enter the market, it had to face huge challenges from the existing players like Nike, Adidas. The increasing acceptance of Under Armour products and the suitable marketing strategies adopted by Plank helped the company to penetrate the apparel segment of the sports industry and gain considerable market share. Critique The case study of the Under Armour could be analyzed to highlight the growth of a product lifecycle under the brand name of its company from a very obscure position to a market leadership position by virtue of quality and ability to meet the demands of the customers. Under Armour is a company in the sports industry that manufactures and sells performance wears that are not only strong as compared to the earlier one but also comfortable for the sportspersons as its regulates body temperature and keeps them agile during the time of sporting events. The company was founded by Kevin Plank who was himself a footballer in the college days and had faced difficulties due to the performance wears or the shirts that they wore during their playing days. Those shirts were of inferior qualities and caused difficulties as those absorbed due to bodily perspirations which made them heavy feel heavier at the time of playing. The Under Armour which became synonymous with the brand name of the company with the increasing acceptance of the performance wears by the sportspersons acquired high market shares in a short span of time which posed threat to the existing market players like Adidas. The sportswear sold by Under Armour was of high quality due to the high quality cotton and fabric used in the process of production. The sportswear manufactured by Under Armour could regulate the body temperature and wipe off the sweat and body perspirations that helped to keep the footballers and the athletes free from external disturbances due to their bodily activities. The inner wears of Under Armour were highly elastic and could fit the skin smoot hly thereby giving comfort to the players which helped in improving the sports performances. When Under Armour decided to enter the market with the growing acceptance of its products, they faced huge challenges from the market leaders Like Nike, Adidas who ruled the athletics apparel industry. At that point of Nike was the market leader in the athletic apparel market with 21.3% market share followed by Adidas. This prompted Under Armour to adopt several marketing strategies to penetrate the potential market segment for athletic apparels for men and women. The various marketing strategies included endorsement by the target users, word of mouth, buzz marketing and product placement strategies (Kraft and Lee, 2009). The company realized that the athletic apparels and inner wear for sports are manufactured to meet the needs of the athletes and improve their performance through provision of comfort offered by better quality of fabric. Under Armour was used by athletes and the endorsement by these sports celebrities provided the marketing communication to the other athletes and sports lovers. This increased the likelihood of brand recall and provided more credibility to the users of the athletic apparel. The spread of word of mouth among the customers who were the sports lovers and the athletes, footballers themselves led to the increase in the increase

Death Penalty should be legalized Research Paper

Death Penalty should be legalized - Research Paper Example This was to be upheld by all the member states of the UN. From the very beginning, the death penalty had been embroiled in controversy. The aforementioned International Bill of Human Rights was proclaimed in the year 1948, by the UN. However, this did not include any reference to the death penalty. It took nine years of debate, for the UN General Assembly to include a statement regarding the death penalty. This transpired in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Evans). As such, death penalty issues have been accorded a place in human rights. In the societies of the world, the list of penalties tend to be execution, loss of liberty by means of imprisonment or other restrictions on movement, corporal punishment, loss of property, mutilation, such as the amputation of the limbs, and loss of opportunities, such as the revocation of a driver’s license. The list of penalties for crime could vary to some extent, on the basis of the society involved. Nevertheless, deterrence would be the perceived objective of any system of penalties. It is in this context that one has to view a system of criminal justice that does not have a deterrence effect (Davis 23). Such a system would be rejected as being of no worth whatsoever. In addition, several academic studies, conducted in the recent past, have clearly shown that the death penalty has a significant deterrent effect upon murder. The analysts of these studies have declared that between three to eighteen lives could be saved for every convicted murderer who is put to death. In this context, the study conducted by Naci Mocan assumes significance. This study, which was conducted in the year 2003, by Mocan and other researchers determined that every execution would reduce the number of homicides by five. On the other hand, commuting a death sentence would translate into an increase of five in the number of

Developing a Pre-sentence Investigation Report Interview Guide Essay

Developing a Pre-sentence Investigation Report Interview Guide - Essay Example ances of the arrest, the evidence or suspicion that led the officer to book the suspect, the crime of offense he or she is charged with, and the events after the suspect has been booked. The pre-sentence investigation report is usually prepared by the arresting or investigating officer once the defendant/ suspect or offender is at the police precinct. This document is usually presented before a judge in the course of the hearings that may transpire in the event the accused is found guilty of the crimes for which he has been booked. This is a legal requirement. The pre-sentence investigation report is the outcome of an interview between the defendant and the investigating officer and usually includes basic information about the defendant as well as the circumstances of the arrest and the crime of which he is being charged. A typical pre-sentence report would include the following details: The first question allows the defendant to tell his story or his version of the events in a completely open and unbiased manner. This is especially if the arresting officer is not the one who is interviewing the defendant. However the arresting officer’ s version of these events are also as important, if not more, as the defendant usually lies to protect himself and his real intentions. The second question allows the defendant to establish his version of the events and prove them by any evidential means possible. In a minority of cases, the arresting officer may be wrong or make an incorrect arrest depending on the circumstances, just to diffuse social tension or deal with the situation. That is why it is also important sometimes, where possible, to revisit the scene of the crime and try to contact any persons or witnesses who were there at the time the crime was committed or frequent the location or work there in the normal course of events. These witnesses or onlookers can provide invaluable clues as to the events that occurred (cjcj.org website, 2011) Q. 3. Is this your

Development of a Business Plan to Establish a Private Jet Charter Essay

Development of a Business Plan to Establish a Private Jet Charter - Essay Example The adoption of the hub and spoke system by commercial airlines requires most passengers to transit through one of some 70 large airports, adding to the total travel time for most passengers. Most major airline hubs are large and have air traffic congestion and connection times of over 2 hours are needed to provide for potential delays in the incoming flight and the transfer time including additional security screening. An additional issue with the hub and spoke system is the increased probability of mishandled baggage. Due to restrictions on the nature of carry-on bags, many business travelers need to check in tools, instruments and such material and if these do not make the transfer, the business trip itself may become abortive (Copley, 2012). There are over 5000 public use airports in the US that can be accessed by private air charter planes. The reduced travel time due to point-to-point connection, the convenience of flexible departure and turnaround times, the possibility of using flying time for work and the reducing cost differential between commercial plane tickets and air charter rates ( especially when a team of people are travelling together) is driving the growth of the air charter industry. There are over 2,000 registered private air charter companies in the US operating over 15,000 business aircraft with total revenues of over $ 12 billion a year. The overwhelming majority of these planes seat 4 to 8 passengers and have a maximum range of 1,000 miles. Private air charter companies transport between 1 and 1.5 million a year and these aircraft log over 18 billion revenue passenger miles. Contrary to the general impression, only some 3% of these are owned by large corporations (NBAA Fact Book, 2012). Most business aircraft are operated by small entrepreneurs and are typically operations with 1 -2 aircraft. The

Tube feeding Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tube feeding - Annotated Bibliography Example The results of the article show that patients may die or sustain serious injuries when the nurse administering to them loses the nasogastric feeding tube during insertion process or when the patients are using the tubes. The implication of the article is to provide nurses will the knowledge and skill to manage the nasogastric feeding tubes wisely. The purpose of the article was to enlighten the a nurse practitioner as far as feeding tube complication, contemporary feeding tubes, and the use of feeding tubes are concerned, particularly when it comes to the pediatric population. The study primarily depended on literature review with academic databases such as PubMed, Ovid Medline, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL being in use. The study revealed that all children who could not take nutrition through normal or oral means qualified for tube feeding. In addition, the study found out that a nurse practitioner (NP) could use gastrojejunostomy (GJ) tubes, pediatric gastrostomy (G) tubes, and nasogastric (NG) tubes on children. The implication of the research is to inform about how to care for children with enteral feeding tube access and how NPs can handle such patients in their daily routines. The reporter outlines some of the major skepticisms against the feeding tube, particularly as it relates to Parkinsons Patients and aspiration pneumonia. In essence, the reporter cites the views of various experts concerning the contentious topic where some experts allude to the fact that the use of feeding tube can significantly reduce the risk of catching aspiration pneumonia. On the other hand, some experts are opposed to the placement of the device on Parkinsons Patients, arguing that it is highly unlikely to extend the lives of such patients. The implication of this newspaper article is to provide the nurses and public with general and specific information concerning the potent of the feeding tube on Parkinsons and aspiration pneumonia Patients. Tube feeding is important

Ideal Renaissance Man Essay Example for Free

Ideal Renaissance Man Essay An ideal renaissance man or woman in the fourteenth and fifteenth century, a time when people aspired to be skilled in numerous areas and humanistic education was customary, meant you would have to stand out from the rest. Pico della Mirandola theories in Oration on the Dignity of Man sum up the ideal Renaissance man. He proclaimed that individuals face no limits to their development except those that are self-imposed (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). In theory only one can hinder their own success. The ideal renaissance man had a broad base in knowledge or was highly skilled in the arts, music or literature. Some lived up to being ideal just because they were bold or unique. The ideal renaissance man was respected by his peers and his knowledge and abilities were often required by the patrons of this era. Ingeniously, some individuals happened to be masters of art, engineering, and even anatomy all at the same time. Mostly men, renaissance contributors did not normally encourage women to participate during this time. Women were encouraged to fit the profile of wives and mothers and their political rights at this point were still kind of limited. Nevertheless, there were many that fit the description of an ideal renaissance women. One unique women of this time was Laura Cereta. A writer who struggled with heavy criticism from her cohorts because of her scholarly pursuits. In response to both the men and women who were judgmental of her, Laura wrote two letters â€Å"that were penned to answer both critics: a defense of learning aimed at male humanists and a defense of her vocation directed toward her female critics† (Cunningham 289). Laura’s heated verbiage in these letters won her great recognition and respect. In describing an ideal renaissance man Leonardo Davinchi owned up to that title for his many achievements. He donated to us many chemical theories, the air balloon, the telescope, and trigonometry. He was a plethora of knowledge. He was also recognized for his many works of art known all around the world today, The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper for example. He was diverse in his thinking and saw many of his ideas through. He was a living example and true to Leon Alberti’s (1404–72) quote: that â€Å"men can do all things if they will. † The Renaissance is understood as a historical era of cultural movements. Its contributors are termed â€Å"Ideal Renaissance Men and Women† for making it possible. Even so, they continued to pursue more knowledge and abilities. For this, they were ideal renaissance people of their time.

Significance of HRM in the travel and tourism sector

Significance of HRM in the travel and tourism sector The purpose of this report is to evaluate the significance of IHRM for the companies within the travel and tourism sector. The report will address this issue with reference to the case of the British Airways Lpc (BA) one of the largest international airlines. The report will begin by outlining the brief overview of BA, its market and current global position. Besides, the significance of culture change within the company will be identified. Furthermore, the hard and soft models of HRM will be critically analysed in the process. The report also will discuss the staffing issues such as recruitment, selection, and training and development for the planned global expansion. The ways in which these issues may need to change will be illustrated through the strategic evaluation. In addition, all figures will be justified and referenced to the appendix. Moreover, the report will outline the appropriate conclusions and recommendations. Company overview, its markets and current global position British Airways Plc (BA) was created in the 1974s after merger between BEA (British European Airways) and BOAC (British Overseas Corporation) (Air flights, 2010). BA is the United Kingdoms major international airline with two main hubs located in Gatwick and Heathrow airports, and the fifth worlds top airline. BA is a recognized brand within airline industry and the success could attribute to its constant global flight expansion and mergers with other global airlines. The merger between Iberia and BA (International Airlines Group) in 2010 is expected to create the third largest European carrier (see Appendix 1). In addition, the merger with AA (American Airlines) in 2008 will expand the company globally on transatlantic flights. These mergers will make stronger the global position of the new company with strong market capitalisation and will be able to complete with rivals such as Lufthansa and KLM-Air France (See Appendix 2) (Datamonitor, 2009; Euromonitor, 2010). BA is a global leader with a network of 550 destinations internationally via code-sharing relationships serves nearly 95 million passengers a year, using 441 airports in 86 countries and approximately 1,000 planes and a world air share of 2.9% (See Appendix 3) (Brave New Talent, 2008-2010; Wikipedia, 2010). BA operates mostly in the EU and US and employs 40,627 people (Datamonitor, 2009). In addition, BA is a part of Oneworld alliance, which serves some 819 destinations worldwide and enables to compete more successfully around the world with other global alliances (Wikipedia, 2010). Since privatisation in 1987, BA has had a sharp success in income and achieved financial independence, while other European airlines were dependent on state support and their US counterparts resorted to bankruptcy protection (Ledwidge, 2007 and BBC, no date). Despite the BAs HR hard times (appendix) and recent global economic recession in 2008/2009 with the global GDP decline from 5.1% in 2007 to 3.1% in 2008 , BA had a net profit of  £8 billion in 2009/2010 that is an increase of 2.7% over FY2008/2009, which improves its stable geographic increase (Datamonitor, 2010). Besides, BA is the worlds first airline to establish a carbon-offset scheme in 2005 to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and to introduce online boarding passes in 2004 (British Airways, no date and AccessMyLibrary, 2007). Despite BA calls itself as The Worlds Favourite Airline it strives to become the worlds most responsible airline (GreenAir, 2007-2010 and Street, 1994). Cultural change and HRM models Culture is very powerful; it influences people and it is vital for managers to understand the employees: what they believe, its customs and traditions, life style and values, beliefs and morals, to understand how people react, and their expectations in the company after the employment. Legge (2005) identifies culture as a set of shared meanings, or taken-for-granted assumptions. According to Alzira and Easerby-Smith (1993), BA was arrogant before its privatization in 1987. BA believed the customers did not know what they wanted. The managers did not involve the staff in decisions, as they wanted to have distance from staff. The priority was safety of aircrafts and technical skills. Even the competition and profitability were not the main idea. The BA organisational culture was bureaucratic, strict, and formal. Thus, the careers developed slowly. Besides, the cost-leadership strategy is applied that leads BA to cut costs through a hard HRM approach and use staff as any other business resource. The staff is being used as cheaply as possible. In contrast, Ledwin (2007) argues that since 1976 till nowadays it was a big cultural change for BA, where the product-centric approach has started to shape into customer-centric approach and the hard model started to adopt the elements of soft developmental humanism or Harvard model, where the core idea are human assets. The differentation strategy would reach the competitve advantage and try to avoid less prone to disruptions and PR blunders. Moreover, it would present a very effective framework for completely integrating HR with the business strategy (Ledwin, 2007). To improve the organisational performance and to achieve the employee commitment BA promoted the motivational culture change programmes in the 1980s.However, its argued if these programmes were successful or not as according to Hopfl (1992, cited in Legge, 2005), these programmes engaged the mind but left hearts untouched. Despite the HR difficulties during the last five years (See Appendix 4), the company has achieved a respect from its employees in a way that helps the company fence the strike actions. In June 2009, BA told its 42,377 staff to work without pay for a month or take unpaid leave to reduce costs. Almost 6,000 non-cabin crew staff helped during the days of industrial action helped the company to run anoperation (Euromonitor, 2010 and Anglotopia, 2010). Staffing approaches BA can apply one of the three staffing approaches (Dowling et al., 2008): Ethnocentric:- The main idea is to manage staff from the home country (PCNs). The company can apply this approach to all its foreign operations, where the staff holds central jobs, and subsidiaries and headquarters follow the home country resource management practice. Polycentric/Regiocentric:- The idea is to develop HR management practices locally. Geocentric/Global:- The purpose is to manage the employees on a worldwide basis, where the company employs staff from diverse countries. 4.1. Ethnocentric and polycentric approaches BA uses mainly the ethnocentric approach: it controls all its operations from London (the locations of the head office) as it understands local culture, the economy language and avoids relocation costs. Regarding to BA job applications, the key management positions are filled by parent company personnel, where the priorities are given to UK nationals. Besides, it hires host country nationals in foreign countries instead of transferring its domestic staff to work. Depend on the staff role, a polycentric or geocentric approach can be recommended. The polycentric approach would be ideal for BA to employ front line staff and cabin crew. The company should consider the cultural as the core competence and hire more people who speak other languages than English and think differently. Along with the cultural change BA needs to ensure the employees understand their role within the marketing progress and overall marketing orientation within the organization. The best staffing approach to hire key management people and pilots is geocentric approach, where the company strives to reach the global expansion by combining the best from headquarters and the subsidiaries. Also, the nationality is ignored in favor of ability. BA could promote promote diversity, inclusion, and equality of opportunity in employment regardless of sex, marital or civil partnership status, gender reassignment, race, colour, nationality, ethnic or national origins, sexual orientation, disability, religion or belief, political affiliation and age (British Airways, no date). Staffing issues The organisations stage of growth characterises with the integration of business strategy with HRM policies such as training development, appraisal and recruitment and selection. Recruitment is mailny linked to proactive attitude of employees, where training and development has to do with formal or informal education, enabling the staff to know inside out of the organisational mission and its products, thus leading to the quality service. 5.1Recruitment and selection Effectiveness in recruitment and selection is vital as it avoids poor work performance, unacceptable conduct, internal disagreement, low morale and job satisfaction and dysfunctional labour turnover. In addition, luck of management quality and teamwork, and employee motivation and communication can lead to loss of customers, loss of organisation, and loss of life. Recruitment seeks to attract best technical professional talent and then manage rapid internal labour market movements (Legge, 2005:142). BA also tends to attract the most talented people, then assess and appoint a suitable candidate (Appelbaum and Brenda, 2002; Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2006). For example, the pilots employment issues had been based just on flying and technical skills before 1987. Nowadays, BA considers the pilots can work well in a crew situation. Interpersonal skills are appearing as crucial achievement factors for pilot performance and safety. In addition, it cares about quality frontline people as well. G ood (1999, cited by Appelbaum and Brenda, 2002), stresses the point that the single most reliable predictor of overall excellence is the ability to attract and hold on to talented employees. The success is dependent upon the ongoing hard work, attitudes, and dedication of its staff. Thus, to expand globally and to achieve the companys long-term success BA should look not only at education related skills but also at staff attitude within the company, as skills can be trained but attitudes cannot be changed (Milmo, 2010 and Horn and Barkin, 1998). 5.2Appraisal, training, development The globalisation of markets leads to emergence of multinational companies, operating on a worldwide basis. Good training enables the employees to perform their current and future roles effectively as, both organisations and their employees benefit (Beardwell and Claydon, 2006). To achieve a high value added services the staff should be well educated, trained, and committed. To increase competence and go high-class with high quality the company should consider the staff as the most valued resource and do investment in the core workforce. The accent is to include employee loyalty and reliance, internal labour market structures with promotion ladders and skill training. The individualistic approach should be applied to reach the quality and competitive advantage (Legge, 2005). If the quality of service depends on the quality of the employee, the company should look on the society and organisations commitment to developing skills appropriate to a national economic policy and organisational corporate objectives (Legge, 2005). BA committed to customer care programmes and has had many motivational staff programmes for both existing and newly recruited staff since 1987, that at very least heightened employee awareness of quality issues. The programmes such as Putting the Customer First,Putting People First, Customer First teams, Managing People First, A Day in the Life, To be the Best and Winning for Customers . In addition, to promote the values of customer services BA launched the re-educative online-learning programs for cabin crew how to teach in-flight sales system. Besides, BA tried to develop a self-direct learning that motivates and develops its staff not only professionally but personally (Ledwidge, 2007). Conclusion The report began with a brief nature of British Airways, overview of its markets and current global position. It analysed the cultural change within the company and evaluated the HRM models. BA has had a big cultural change since 1987, where the company changed the product-centric approach to a customer-centric approach. The hard model need to adopt elements from the soft developmental humanism model, where the company would realize the importance of integrating HR policies with business objectives involving treating employees as valued assets, as the success depends on securing commitment from people, not controlling them. It should keep adopting the soft model to avoid losses of customers and the bankruptcy and to keep its brand. Over the past decade or so, British Airways has evolved from a loss making, state-owned national carrier into a customer focused, publicly listed and consistently profitable airline. However, cultural change and nowadays change require modification in top management values to make the change successful. To improve the organisational performance and keep the company expand globally BA need to keep these recent changes. Furthermore, the report addresses the issue of staffing approaches such as ethnocentric, polycentric, and geocentric approaches. Despite BA uses the ethnocentric approach, the recommendation are to develop polycentric approach for front line and cabin crew and apply a geocentric approach for pilots and key management staff. The final parts of the report examined the staffing issues such as recruitment and selection, appraisal, training and development. BA should look not only at education related skills but also at staff attitude within the company, as skills can be trained but attitudes cannot be changed. In addition, BA should motivate and develop its staff not only professionally but personally by creating the training centres where staff could learn the sense of humour, ability to work with others and friendliness. Moreover, the new industrial relations backgrounds should be developed as no-strike clauses, acceptance of flexible working, its support for direct employee involvement, staff status and employee development Recommendations According to the mentioned above issues, there is more research should be done regarding to staffing approaches and staffing issues to help expand company globally. The need of change should be analyzed and evaluated deeper. HRM Michigan and Harvard models issues should be more critically discussed. Word count: 2193 word

Strategic management and organisational change

Strategic management and organisational change Introduction IMAX operated at three different industries, and it had done successful in some part of its business, while there were also some weakness for its development. This assignment is going to assess the current situation of IMAX, including analysing the nature and source of its competitive advantage, its sustainable competitive advantage, and future development. The first section will seek to present the nature and source of IMAX s competitive advantage by using appropriate strategy, and the next section will introduce its sustainable competitive advantage. In the final section, some key issues of IMAX s future development will be discussed, and some recommendations will be given as well, which may help IMAX to grow its business in the near future. The Nature And Source Of IMAX s Competitive Advantages Selecting Appropriate Theoretical Frameworks To begin with, there are two primary issues to be discussed. First one is which level of strategy should be used in this case. Basically, a company has two levels of strategies, which are business level strategy and corporate level strategy. Business level strategy concerns how to create competitive advantage in each of the business in which a company competes, whilst corporate level strategy concerns what business the corporation should in and how the corporate office should manage the array of business units. The main difference between these two is that corporate level strategy is what makes the corporate whole add up to more than the sum of its business units (Porter, 1996). IMAX has three different business units, therefore, it could be easily considered that the case more concerns with corporate level strategy. The next issue to be considered is which strategy should be selected to analyse the case based on corporate level strategy. There are two strategies which can be selected, the RBV (resource-based view) and the Positioning School. The RBV is more emphasis on the resources and capabilities controlled by a company as sources of competitive advantage, while the Positioning School is more focus on externally orientated and market driven (Barney, 2008). This case mentions a little about IMAX s market driven, thus there is not enough evidence to use the positioning school strategy for analysing its competitive advantage. In contrast, the case introduce IMAX s hardware, software, financial power, technologies and other special sources, which are helpful for using the RBV to analyse IMAX s competitive advantage. The Nature And Source Of Competitive Advantages Competitive advantage emerges from distinctive resources or capabilities that firms control, that is, something that firms do particularly well in comparison with their competitors (Peteraf, 1993). IMAX has its technology resource, brand image and organizational resource better than other film companies, which can conclude its core competence, therefore it is easy to get IMAX s competitive advantages from its core competence. Technology Resource IMAX has the technological capability to do RD on both hardware and software rather than its competitors in the film industry, thereby its technological capability can be regarded as its core competence. IMAX was founded as the only company in the world that was involved in all aspects of large format films, and its unique technological capability can lead to its first-mover advantage. It used its technique know-how to produce projectors with special features, to design large format films, to develop lightweight 3D camera and 3D directional sound technology, etc, and all the unique technology differentiate IMAX from other conventional movie technologies. IMAX could make its audiences enjoy its special IMAX experience which can not be replicated through DVDs or in conventional theatres, because of the unprecedented shock of the visual and auditory. Its advanced technology held 46 patents and had 7 patents pending in the U.S., also its technological prowess was the 1997 Oscar Award which received for Scientific and Technical Achievement. As the first-mover advantage, IMAX achieved the most advanced level of film technology, which can be considered as the competitive advantage so that I MAX can attract more audiences to have different experiences from conventional movies, to keep its market presence. IMAX kept innovation on its technology in order to maintain its growth. IMAX spent almost five per cent of its sales revenue on RD in 2007, and about $12.6 million in RD was spent in the last three years. MPX technology was developed to allow IMAX and theatre-owners to convert existing multiplexes screens to IMAX format, and a patented digital re-mastering (DMR) technology was designed to convert traditional 35 mm films into the large-screen format and even develop 3D versions. Those two technologies could help IMAX to launch more IMAX films, to expand the core audience and to make the box office revenue. Besides this, IMAX had solved the teething problems with DMR technology and the costs of conversion of Hollywood movies into IMAX format had come down. As a result, they led IMAX to have cost advantage. Brand Image IMAX had the capability to use its band image, which could be considered as its core competence and add more economic value to its corporation, and as a result, it could lead to brand effect within the film industry. Since the first multi-screen theater system launched in 1967 and the first IMAX film premiered in 1970, as the first-mover advantage, IMAX had made a good reputation and also had its loyal audience base. Moreover, choosing prestigious venues to locate IMAX had created a unique brand image, which would result in its brand effect within the industry. Organisational Resource Lado and Wilson (1994) proposed a widely accepted definition of organisational capabilities: managerial, input-based, transformational, output-based. IMAX used its unique organisational resorces to achieve the operational process effectively. IMAX maintained long-term relationships with the vendors who supplied the components, produced movies and systems, and then distributed them to the theaters. IMAX also had its wholly-owned subsidiary, in which IMAX had 51 per cent ownership, and its subsidiary could help IMAX perform the post-production work. The talent organizational capability which was well used in the organization made its production, post-production, distribution link well and led to its operation efficiency. IMAX s Sustainable Competitive Advantage s Sources There is competition from Pixar/Disney which have the same target customers with IMAX, the only rival within the large format film segment, and the potential new independent firms to enter the industry with the increasingly development of new technology. On the other hand, many alternative sources of entertainment such as live plays, TV programs, the Internet, sport events attract viewers as well. Therefore, there is no doubt that IMAX has increasingly pressure come from the competitors within the industry. The resource-based view (RBV) of the firm holds that certain assets with certain characteristics will lead to sustainable competitive advantage (Black, 1994). The sources of IMAX s competitive advantages are going to analysed using the VRIO framework, sequentially to evaluate which one is sustainable. VRIO Analysis It is necessary to make the assumption that the firm resources may be heterogeneous and immobile in order to know the sources of sustainable competitive advantage, and a firm source must have four attributes to hold the potential of sustained competitive advantages, that the firm source must be valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable and substitutable (Barney, 1991). Appendix shows whether IMAX s competitive advantages sources are sustainable using the VRIO framework. The sources of competitive advantages of IMAX could add value. Economic value could be added to a corporation through either increasing its total revenue, or lowering its costs. Innovating through its high level of technology resource allowed the conversion costs down and saved the costs, and developing MPX technology and DMR technology would expand the core audience and increase the box office revenue, both of them added more economic value to IMAX.. Most sources of the competitive advantages of IMAX were rare in the film industry. IMAX mastered a high level of technology resources in the film industry, and it only had one rival within the large format film segment. Besides, IMAX hold its unqiue brand image and also operated at a unique business model by using its organisational resources, which was also rare in the film industry. The particular capabilities were not controlled by numerous competitors, therefore IMAX s competitive advantages were likely to be rare. â€Å"Competitive advantage is more likely to be created and sustained if the organisation has distinctive or unique capabilities that competitors cannot imitate.†( Johnson, 2005) Most resources of IMAX s competitive advantages are difficult for its competitors to imitate. The conversion technology such as MPX technology and DMR technology and its designed projectors are hard for competitors to copy, because IMAX invested a large amount of money and time and also hire the talent employee on RD, innovation, marketing, which would be considered as sunk costs within the film industry. Besides this, IMAX technology held 46 patents and had 7 patents pending in the U.S., therefore IMAX s high level of technological breakthroughs which were carefully patented could be considered the unique capability in the film industry. In addition, IMAX made a good reputation and had its loyal audience base through the years, therefore it had its own brand image, which could make barriers for entr ants to copy. The competitive advantages of IMAX were explored by organisation. IMAX had fully explored and used of its technology resources, organisational resources and unique brand image, then organised and took full advantages of its sources and capabilities. Given the VRIO framework analysis, it is not difficult to conclude that most sources of IMAX s competitive advantages are sustainable, as they are based on the core competences of IMAX. Recommendations For IMAX s Future Development As the competitors are increasingly strong and the movie technology and film industry are changing everyday, IMAX may face some unprecedented challenges in the future. Based on the RBV and VRIO analysis, IMAX should sustain its competitive advantages and also gain some new competitive advantages to respond in the future. Two Larger Issues To Be Discussed IMAX faced two critical issues, which were whether or not to exhibit too many Hollywood movies, and whether or not sold itself to a larger studio such as Sony, Disney or Time-Warner. The two problems will be addressed firstly, and then some certain recommendations will be provided. Traditional IMAX films were often educational and entertaining, and involved documentaries of natural and scientific wonders which were mostly located in museums, aquariums, zoos and other institutions, and IMAX had engaged in alliances with commercial movie theatre owners. However, IMAX could not escape the crisis that hit the theatre industry in the late 1990s, and it began to have financial problems. IMAX had long-term debt through the years, and both its net income and cash flows were negative in 2006 and 2007. In order to solve the financial problem and survive in the future, IMAX has to change its strategy to maintain its growth. At that time, acquisition by a larger studio such as Sony, Disney or Time-Warner is a good idea and developing trend for IMAX in the future. Two firms which both had trustworthy brand effect combined will be greater than their economic value as separate entities. Through acquisition, large studio can not only address IMAX s financial problem and help IMAX to pay off its debt, but also can get more economic returns and add more value through IMAX. Besides, IMAX can ensure its survival and make more business opportunities in the future. After acquisition, the studio can install more IMAX digital theatres systems, and invested more money on marketing, to attract more audiences to watch its IMAX films and increase its box office revenue. Furthermore, the studio can convert its own films into IMAX large format films with lower costs or create new films combined with both studio and IMAX s brand, hence it will expand their core audience, therefore it will create more economic value to both studio and IMAX. On the other hand, to solve the same problem facing to IMAX, exhibiting Hollywood movies is a good idea for IMAX to increase its box office revenue. IMAX can sustain its competitive advantages, use its strong RD team developing DMR technology that allows converting traditional 35 mm films into the large-screen format Hollywood films. It keeps innovation and worked out the teething problems, as a result the costs of conversion had come down, consequently more IMAX screens will be open to launch Hollywood films. The IMAX strategy of moving into Hollywood films will increase its box office revenue and expand the core audience. IMAX can continue making educational films for families, students and tourists, while Hollywood films can also be launched during the evening. This will not make IMAX lose its differentiation, in contrast, it will create more IMAX s brand effect, because most of which come from the entertainment experiences. Other Recommendations Compete Among Rivals Some studios such as Pixar/Disney produced the films for the same targeted group, and within the large format film segment, IMAX faced only rival Iwerks, which was merged with SimEx, a ride simulation and animation production company. One possible solution to compete this rival is that IMAX is acquired by a larger studio, therefore overcomes its financial problems and also has the equivalent strengths to compete with it. There was also another film, Pollavison, which was engaged in consulting services for large format film theatres. IMAX could develop its technology and hold its core innovation capability to keep its leadership. Technology Development â€Å"Edutainment† Market Internationalisation Although IMAX did have marketing staff at its office in Canada, the United States, Europe, Japan and China to market its theatre systems and IMAX movies were showed in 40 countries, almost 60 per cent of the theatres were in North America. The film industry is now increasingly becoming international, and Asia-Pacific market is becoming the largest part of the global market, therefore IMAX can expand its market internationally and attract more international audiences instead of American audiences. IMAX can install a large number of its theatre systems annually across different countries especially Asia-Pacific market, and also market and advertise its film to help maximise its theatre attendance and increase its box office revenue. Conclusion Based on the RBV, it is clear that IMAX has its high technology, unique organizational methods and human resource better than other film companies, which can be treated as its competitive advantages. Using the RVIO model, it is not difficult to conclude that most of its competitive advantages are sustainable. However, as the movie technology and film industry are developing everyday, IMAX may face some unprecedented challenges. Therefore, IMAX should develop its sustainable competitive advantages and also †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ to address the problems in the future. References Peteraf, M.A. (1993) ‘The Cornerstone of the Competitive Advantage: A Resource-based View, Strategic Management Journal, 14: 179-91. Porter, M. (1996). From competitive advantage to corporate strategy. In M. Goold K. Luchs. Managing the multibusiness company: strategic issues for diversified groups, Lado, A. and Wilson, M. (1994) ‘Human Resource System and Sustained Competitive Advantage: Competency-based Perspective, Academy of Management Review, 19: 699-727. Black, J. A. Strategic resources: traits, configurations and paths to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal 15(1994):131. Barney, J. B. 1991. Firm resources and sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of Management 17 (1): 99.

A Psychoanalytic Analysis of Pretty Woman Essay -- Movie Film Essays

A Psychoanalytic Analysis of Pretty Woman In the introduction to his book, The Sublime Object of Ideology, Slavoj Zizek acquaints readers with his book’s tripartite aim. He plans, among other things, to illustrate concepts fundamental to Lacanian psychoanalysis – an intention which will serve to further his more ambitious goal â€Å"to reactualize Hegelian dialectics by giving it a new reading† in the light of Lacanian psychoanalysis – and â€Å"to contribute to the theory of ideology via a new reading of some well-known classical motifs† (7). In this broad category of classical motifs associated with the theory of ideology, I have isolated both fetishism and the commodity-form and intend to briefly illustrate some of these concepts against the backdrop of the movie Pretty Woman -- a popular rags-to-riches romantic comedy from 1990. Looking through the prism of Lacan and Marx, Zizek brands us as â€Å"fetishists in practice, not in theory†; he posits that we â€Å"do not know† or we â€Å"misrecognize† the fact that in our â€Å"social reality itself, in [our] social activity – in the act of commodity exchange – [we] are guided by the fetishistic illusion† (31). Amidst this discussion on ideology, Zizek highlights one of the most significant differences between Marx and Lacan: In the predominant Marxist perspective the ideological gaze is a partial gaze overlooking the totality of social relations, whereas in the Lacanian perspective ideology rather designates a totality set on effacing the traces of its own impossibility. (49) This difference corresponds to the one that distinguishes the Marxian from the Freudian notion of fetishism: In the former, â€Å"a fetish conceals the positive network of social relations,† whereas in the latter â€Å"a fet... ...difficult to let go of something so beautiful.† The movie is jam-packed full of such desirable â€Å"somethings† -- potentially fetishized objects which characters use in an effort to compensate for a â€Å"lack† in their lives: cash, a silver Lotus, clothes from Rodeo Drive, a personal jet, the â€Å"kill† of a hostile takeover, or the company of a beautiful woman. In the movie's conclusion, Edward does go through with the jewelry-return; he does not leave behind the ruby-haired Vivian, though, and the audience receives their â€Å"happy ending† – perhaps a fetish in its own right. Works Cited: The Internet Movie Database Ltd. (An Amazon.com company.) http://us.imdb.com [Accessed 11 November 1998]. Pretty Woman. Dir. Garry Marshall. With Richard Gere and Julia Roberts. Touchstone, 1990. Zizek, Slavoj. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London: Verso, 1989.

The Bluest Eye :: essays research papers

	Misdirection of Anger "Anger is better [than shame]. There is a sense of being in anger. A reality of presence. An awareness of worth."(50) This is how many of the blacks in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye felt. They faked love when they felt powerless to hate, and destroyed what love they did have with anger. The Bluest Eye shows the way that the blacks were compelled to place their anger on their own families and on their own blackness instead of on the white people who were the cause of their misery. In this manner, they kept their anger circulating among themselves, in effect oppressing themselves, at the same time they were being oppressed by the white people. Pecola Breedlove was a young black girl, growing up in Lorain, Ohio in the early 1940's. Her life was one of the most difficult in the novel, for she was almost totally alone. She suffered the most because she had to withstand having others' anger dumped on her, internalized this hate, and was unable to get angry herself. Over the course of the novel, this anger destroys her from the inside. When Geraldine yells at her to get out of her house, Pecola's eyes were fixed on the "pretty" lady and her "pretty" house. Pecola does not stand up to Maureen Peal when she made fun of her for seeing her dad naked but instead lets Freida and Claudia fight for her. Instead of getting mad at Mr. Yacobowski for looking down on her, she directed her anger toward the dandelions that she once thought were beautiful. The dandelions also represent her view of her blackness, once she may have thought that she was beautiful, but like the dandelions, she now follows the majorities' view. However, "the anger will not hold"(50), and the feelings soon gave way to shame. Pecola was the sad product of having others' anger placed on her: "All of our waste we dumped on her and she absorbed. And all of our beauty, which was hers first and which she gave to us"(205). The other black people felt beautiful next to her ugliness, wholesome next to her uncleanness, her poverty made them generous, her weakness made them strong, and her pain made them happier. In effect, they were oppressing her the same way the whites were oppressing them. When Pecola's father, Cholly Breedlove, was caught as a teenager in a field with Darlene by two white men, "never did he once consider directing his hatred toward the hunters"(150), rather her directed his hatred towards the girl because hating the white men would "consume" him.

Comparing Albert Camus The Stranger and Virginia Woolfs To the Lighth

Man's Place in Society and Nature in Albert Camus' The Stranger and Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse A general premise underlying the art of writing is that "language shapes and is shaped by the surrounding society" (McCarthy 41). Authors of an age attempt to effect a message through their writing, and inevitably this telegram to society reflects the temperament of the writer in reaction to his environment and historical context . In this light, Albert Camus' The Stranger (1942) and Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse (1927) are products of two separate cultures in an overlapping time period; Camus' sparse minimalistic prose and Woolf's lyrical, indulgent discourse represent two different stylistic approaches to a similar theme. The French existentialist and the English feminist distinctly manipulate the narrative structure and employ symbols and metaphors of nature to suggest the depersonalization and secondary importance of the individual in a society essentially incompatible with and indifferent to man. In particular, two excerpts from Camus and Woolf offer a wealth of stylistic devices in connection with their intended themes. From The Stranger, the chosen passage tells of the main character's (Meursalt) confrontation with a threatening Arab and his resulting murder. The selection from To the Lighthouse describes the general passage of time, using a more poetic manner with its emphasis on description over plot. Reform in the world correlates with reform in its literature's method of expression; an understanding of Camus' and Woolf's contemporary social backdrop provides insight into the origin and purpose of their works. Born in Algeria in 1913, Albert Camus grew up in a tough, working-class Algiers district and ... ...tranger. 1942. New Jersey: Penguin, 1955. pp 57-60. Cruickshank, John. Albert Camus and the Literature of Revolt. Oxford University Press, Inc. 1960. 249. Dyson, Ae, and Morris Beja, eds. To the Lighthouse. London: Macmillan, 1970. pp 19, 198. Gorsky, Susan. Virginia Woolf. Boston: Twayne, 1978. pp 15, 28, 49, 105, 108. King, Adele. Camus. Oliver and Boyd Ltd. 1964. 120. McCarthy, Patrick. The Stranger. University of Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Seltzer J., Alvin. "The Tension of Stalemate: Art and Chaos in Virginia Woolf's ' To the Lighthouse.'" Chaos in the Novel: The Novel in Chaos. Schocken Books, 1974. pp 120-140. Sprague, Claire. Virginia Woolf: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. pp 1-13. Woolf, Virginia. To the Lighthouse. 1927. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1951. pp 131-133.

‘A Cup of Tea’ by Katherine Mansfield Essay

The story is written by Katherine Mansfield a famous New Zealand writer. She is well known for her short stories. The analysis of the one of them called A Cup of Tea (1922) which is considered to be one of her latest works you can find below. From the first lines we get acquainted with the protagonist of the story Rosemary Fell. Her appearance is being presented. No you couldnt have called her beautiful Pretty? We have rather vague image here. The author writes she is amazingly well-read in the newest of the books which sounds controversial. Her husband adores her; her child is a duck of a boy. We can trace that she is extremely arrogant and she has a certain amount of charisma. No lilac. Its got no shape. The attendant put the lilac out of sight as though this was only too true. But even fabulously rich people have their problems. After shutting the discreet door she sinks into a grey cold and dull life of the city, the life of ordinary people to which she is like an alien. A cold bitter taste in the air, sad lamps, regretting fire of lamps, rushing people and their hateful umbrellas everything speaks of her inner dissatisfaction and maybe allergy to the other life, the life which is outside her shelter. She wants to escape from the place and presses a muff against her breast as though touching herself and saying I want to be back to my real life not this awful parody of being. Suddenly a girl stammered as author writes for the price of a cup of tea in a very desperate way. But in fact Rosemary is amazed instead of feeling some kind of sympathy. She peers through the dusk as though feeling some distance and it seems to her such an adventure. Rosemary doesnt spare even a smallest moment of her thought to stand in the girls shoes or rather she just cant since she doesnt know the opposite side of the coin. The only way of living she knows is one that is in the little antique shop on Curzon Street or, say, another one on Bond Street. So Rosemary takes her home feeling a triumph as she nets a little captive. Its evident that Rosemary is just playing with a prey like a cat does.Now, I  got you. Rosemary is longing to be generous and is going to prove that as Mansfield writes wonderful things do happen in life, in the life of the upper class, to which Rosemary is a fine example, and it seems that the only things she cares about are her feelings and amusement. After they arrive at the house the action starts in Rosemarys bedroom. Mansfield is trying to underline Rosemarys status the fire leaping on her wonderful lacquer furniture, gold cushions all these things dazed the poor girl. Rosemary on her part was very relaxed and pleased; she lit a cigarette in stead of taking proper care of Miss Smith. By the way her name is not even mentioned yet, like its of no importance at all. We can find the girl on the brink of the psychological despair. I am going to faint, to go off, madam. So much she is stuck by the contrast. It was a terrible fascinating moment. Rosemary knelt beside her chair The girl becomes completely restless: I cant bear it. I shall do away with myself Rosemary is really touched beyond words but suddenly she asks her to stop crying Its so exhausting. Please stop crying Rosemary shows her true face here. She cant face the reality the poor as it is; Rosemary Fell sees everything in rose-coloured spectacles, through the filter of the upper class society. And it looks if not pathetic then quite sad. But after the marvelous meal our creature transforms into something undeniably attractive frail creature, a kind of sweet languor. And for Rosemary its high time to begin. Instead of asking her name or other decent question Rosemarys firstly was interested in her meal, it is quite impolite. The Philip enters, smiling his charming smile and asks his wife to come in to the library. He requires explanations from his wife, learning that the girl is as Rosemary says a real pick up that Rosemary wanted to be nice to her. Philip guesses what is all about shows his remonstrance against the idea it simply cant be done. And then he uses his heavy artillery calls miss Smith so astonishingly pretty. He knows it will do some harm to his wife. These words immediately heat jealousy in Rosemarys veins up. Pretty? Do you think that? and she could help blushing. Shes absolutely lovely! Rosemary looses her temper You absurd creature! She recollects his words over and over. And  all leads to the phrase Miss Smith wont dine with us tonight We can observe that Philip doesnt seem to look surprised Oh, what happened? Previous engagement? he rather knew it would happen. Rosemary is eager to retain her husbands attention.Do you like me? May I have the enamel box? Philip, am I pretty?The Rosemary seems to be so distant from poverty but on the other hand she doesnt have anything really valuable, like a basement to lead such glorious life in this world no taste, no wish to see the world in the raw, sometimes no manners, and perhaps even no prettiness. Thats why she is trying to have things and do things which would help to retain the status like knowing more about the poor and having beautiful things to be associated with. To put in a nutshell the story is reach in different stylistic devices and I think conveys a distinct and valuable message. Bibliography 1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield2.http://www.studyguide.org/mansfield_cup_of_tea.htm3.Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 4.English by Correspondence Vesnik D.A. Moscow, 1976

Questions on circe and book 10 of the Odyssey Essay

1. What has happened up to the point that Odysseus meets Circe but after he leaves the land of the Cyclops Polyphemus chases after Odysseus and his men throwing boulders that narrowly miss them. Odysseus tells Polyphemus his name and Polyphemus curses Odysseus. They go to Aeolia and gets given a bag of wind by Aeolus. Odysseus falls asleep and his men open the bag as they think it contains gold. The wind comes out and gets blown of course. The stop at the Lystragonians and three of his men get eaten by the cannibal giants. When arriving at Circe’s island, he splits the men into groups and sends half away to look for the house. His men get turned into pigs by Circe and Eurylochus returns to tell Odysseus. Odysseus then ventures alone to save his men. Hermes gave Odysseus a herb to eat and how to fight off Circe. 8/10 B) How is vividness and excitement shown when Circe tries to drug Odysseus â€Å"dark forebodings pursued† uses lighting imagery to show the eerie and ominous future Odysseus sees in the forest. â€Å"high Olympus† in reference to where Hermes is returning to would be exciting to an ancient audience to see Odysseus gaining the help of Gods. The adjective â€Å"beautiful† to describe the chair vividly shows the richness and elegance Circe has in her home. Odysseus drinks the drug â€Å"without suffering any magic effects† the anticipation of whether the drug would have worked or not shows Odysseus as being immune to her â€Å"evil† intent. He â€Å"snatched my keen sword† the verb â€Å"snatched† and â€Å"rushed† shows an element of surprise to Circe adding to the dramatic fighting scene. Circe â€Å"shrieks† adding to the imagery of senses by which the audience can vividly feel her fear. Circe â€Å"clasped my knees† to which this supplication adds excitement due to the fact that the magic herb has worked so well for Odysseus. Circe’s â€Å"words had wings† which vividly shows her elegance in the way she enchantingly speaks. Circe tells Odysseus that she â€Å"was always told to expect (him) here† which emphasises excitement to which he was meant to succeed and come to her. 18/20 C) Who should be admired the most, Circe or Calypso? Both Circe and Calypso play main roles as women in the Odyssey who help and hinder Odysseus, but their wit and mannerism should be admired. Circe first comes into the Odyssey at book 10. Circe is described as â€Å"evil in her heart† which instantly doesn’t make her a good or moral character. Circe also fails to show xenia to Odysseus as although she does offer him food, she asks multiple questions to him. An ancient audience would find the lack of xenia wrong and as an insult to Zeus. Similarly, she tries to manipulate him by complementing him. Simonides wrote about emotional women who use sex as a weapon, as well as this, Aristotle said that women would destroy men if left alone, women would destroy men. This is what Circe does by living alone and burning men into pigs. She turned Scylla into a rock out of jealous which leads into Simonides poem of women. Alternatively, when we first meet Circe (before she sees Odysseus) she is weaving and singing which would be what a women should be expected to do, there for meeting moral and social expectation of a woman. As she does live alone, the fact she can defend herself and try to stay alive (by supplicating herself) shows bravery against potential harm. However, she does hinder Odysseus’ journey by a year by their own will but does end up helping them with the correction direction to sail in. Book 5 has Odysseus on Ogygia with the sea nymph Calypso for 7 years. She holds him captive as he cries on the beach every day. Calypso uses her own selfish means to keep Odysseus on her island. When Hermes comes to the island, she also doesn’t show him xenia as she bombards him with questions. She fights and argues to keep Odysseus even though it is not permitted to marry him. Her own name means â€Å"concealment† in Greek. Calpyso, like Circe, is the image of a good woman as she is also found singing and weaving. Even though she could have kept Odysseus on the island, she helps him build a raft to leave. She is able to let go of her own feelings to aid Odysseus on his journey back to Ithaca. She also obeys Zeus’ orders. To an ancient audience and for moral reasoning, Circe is to be the most admired for she greatly aids Odysseus. In saying this, without the help of Hermes, Odysseus would have been killed thus Circe’s actions are intently evil. Calypso should be admired the most for without her letting Odysseus leave, his journey would have come to an end. Although she also needed Hermes to let him go, her intentions were pure. She loved Odysseus and they often has a physical relationship. She let him go and sacrificed her feelings to make him happy.

Compare Chinese and Indian Creation Stories Essay

Creation stories or creation myths are narratives that explain how things began; they are usually passed down generations after generations. In almost every culture throughout the whole world there are a variety of versions of creation stories since the desire to know the origin of things around us is a common human instinct. Despite the differences between the cultures and countries, many common themes and elements can be found in their creation stories. In Both Chinese and Indian creation stories the creators of the earth are both a male human-being like figure with a nonspecific background. A long time ago the whole universe was coalesced into a cosmic egg, inside the egg there was nothing but darkness. Among these â€Å"Hundun( )† (a term was used to describe a nebulous state in Chinese) there was Pangu( ) who was resting for about 18,000 years, finally he woke up and feeling suffocated, so he decided to standup. However; he was wrapped tightly by this egg shell and he couldn’t even stretch his arms and legs. He pulled off one of his teeth and turned it into a huge axe and broke the egg shell into two parts with a powerful swing, the light part of the egg kept flying and became the sky (Yang) and the heavy part kept sinking and became the earth (Yin). Pangu was worried that the sky and earth would come back and close again. He decided to stand between them with his head supporting the sky and his feet on the earth, as time went by he grew taller and the sky and earth also got thicker each day. Another 18,000 years passed. Pangu used up all his strength and was convinced that the sky and the earth could stay separated forever. Finally he lay down and suddenly his left eye became the sun, his right eye became the moon; his breath became the wind and voice the thunder; his hair and beard became the shining stars and his arms formed the ground and the mountains; his blood formed the rivers and muscles the soil; his skin became the trees and flowers, teeth and bones turned into gold and minerals†¦ Similar to the Chinese Pangu creation story the Indian Pima’s creation story also started with a human-being like character whose name was Juh-wert-a Mah-Kai (â€Å"The Doctor of the Earth†). He was floating in the empty darkness and eventually decided to create the earth, the sun, the moon, the stars and eventually the world that he was satisfied with. As we can see there are essential elements or parallels between the two creation stories. They both agreed that the world was crafted by an otherworldly being that had the supernatural powers and the creation of the earth both happened upon waking them up. They both invested in the essential elements that existed on earth from themselves, such as the sun, the moon and the stars. In addition, it is easy to notice that the gender of the creators was male which indicated that in both culture male was the symbol of strength and power. In ancient China this idea was greatly reflected since the male heritage was extremely important as they were the dominated ones in the society. Female characters also played an important role in both Chinese and Indian creation stories. After Pangu separated the sky and the earth, there was a woman Nuwa( ) who was the only human-being existing on earth. She was wondering around and trying to find someone to talk to. However, the fishes and the birds could not understand her. She felt so lonely and as she stopped by a pond where she saw her shadow reflected in the water, suddenly she realized that she needed someone like her on this earth, so she decided to create more human-beings like herself using the yellow clay and mud near the pond. She also made animals out of them such as chicken, dogs, cattle and horses. This kind of mother figure can also be found in the Indian Iroquois creation story where in the upper sky world there was a pregnant woman who gave birth to two twin boys. Both Nuwa and the Indian sky woman were female creators that created human-beings without another male figure involved since the creation stories were told long before people understand the reproductive process and the humans in these stories were undefined creatures that usually possessed unusual power. More importantly they both emphasized the primary responsibility of women in human society as involved in biological reproduction. It is not hard to notice that there are also some common events which happened in both creation stories, such as floods. After human-beings were created by Nuwa, they started to reproduce offspring. Among them there were two characters-fire and water. There was a time that fire and water had a war. The four pillars supporting between the sky and the earth collapsed which led to the rising of the oceans and there was fire and floods everywhere. While Nuwa felt helpless that a giant turtle came to her and offered its legs, Nuwa was able to use them to replace the four pillars and put them between the sky and the earth again and everything went back to normal. However there still were some damages, the sky was slightly ilted towards the northwest side which was the reason why the sun and the moon went back to the west in the end of the day. Also the earth was slightly sunk towards the southeast which explained that all the water and rivers were running and gathering in that direction. In the Indian Puma’s flood story two snakes were made to try to stop the flood and the snakes were lying between the south and west, and after the flood people who were created in the story were settled down in different areas in same region where the Indians were found later on. The flood stories represented the recreation of the original earth that was created and explained the establishment of the orders of nature and societies. Turtle is also a common creature in both creating stories as we found in the Nuwa’s story and in the Indian Iroquois creation story a large turtle saved the sky woman and the back part of the turtle grew into an island of earth. In Chinese culture turtle is often treated as a magical animal, and it is one of the four guardians of the Chinese compass. It is commonly used to represent longevity and endurance in many other mythologies from different cultures since it has a long lifespan and the sturdiness of its back which was used as the implication for the origin of the earth. In conclusion, the Chinese and Indian creation stories are very similar in many aspects. They explained how the sky and earth were created from a state of darkness or â€Å"Hundun†, and how was everything established and reestablished on earth, and they also tried to explain nature phenomena with a logical sense before any scientific explanations were established. They served as the foundations of the social structure for each culture and reflected the religions and beliefs in different cultures. They are also used as great sources today for studying the origins of the cultures. Some people today may look at these stories and find them amusing because it contradicts with scientific facts and evidence. In addition, some of these stories have been used for other purposes such as cartoons, novels, and convey the philosophy of life in an acceptable way that plays a vital role in society.